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Detection of Genetically Modified Crops, Transgene Contamination in Non-GM Crops

 आनुवंशिक रूपांतरित फसलों का पता लगानाआनुवंशिक अरूपांतरित फसलों में पराजीन संदूषण (Detection of Genetically Modified Crops, Transgene Contamination in Non-GM Crops):-

Genetically Modified Crops (GM Crops):- ऐसी फसलें जिनमें एक नए जीन को समावेशित करके इनके जीनोम को रूपांतरित कर दिया जाता है, GM – फसलें कहलाती हैं। इस नए जीन की अभिव्यक्ति से नई प्रोटीन बनती है जो GM – फसल को नया लक्षण देती है।
(Crops in which the genome is transformed by incorporating a new gene are called GM-crops. The expression of this new gene creates a new protein that gives a new characteristic to the GM-crop.)
उदाहरण (Examples):- 
i. Bt – कपास (Bt - cotton)
ii. सुनहरा धान (Golden rice)
iii. Roundup ready soybean
GM Detection:- यह निर्धारण करना कि दी गई फसल या उसका उत्पाद आनुवंशिक रूप से रूपांतरित हुआ है अथवा नहीं, GM Detection कहलाता है।
(To determine whether a given crop or its product is genetically modified or not is called GM Detection.)
·         नग्न आँखों से देखकर GM – फसलों  सामान्य फसलों में विभेदन नहीं किया जा सकता।
(GM - crops and normal crops cannot be distinguished by looking with the naked eye.)
·         GM Detection की आवश्यकता निम्न संस्थाओं को होती है:-
(The following organizations require GM Detection:-)
i. GM Developer
ii. Seed Companies
iii. Food and Feed Industries
iv. Enforcement Authorities (Competent Authorities)
·         GM Detection Methods:- इनके 2 मुख्य आधार हैं –
(They have 2 main bases -)
A. DNA आधारित विधियाँ (DNA Based Methods):- इसमें विदेशी DNA का पता लगाया जाता है। इसमें एक विधि आती है –
(Foreign DNA is detected in these methods. There is one method in this -)
1. PCR Based Test
B. प्रोटीन आधारित विधियाँ (Protein Based Methods):- इसमें नई प्रोटीन का पता लगाया जाता है। इसमें 2 विधियाँ आती हैं –
(New proteins are detected in these methods. There are 2 methods in this -)
2. Lateral Flow Strip Method
3. ELISA Test
1. PCR Based Test:-
Ø  PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction):- इस तकनीक में DNA के एक ज्ञात क्षार क्रम वाले खण्ड के गुणन द्वारा इसकी करोड़ों प्रतियाँ बनाई जाती हैं। इस तकनीक के लिए PCR मशीन उपयोग की जाती है जिसे Thermo cycler कहते हैं।
(In this technique, millions of copies of the a known base sequence of DNA fragment are produced by its amplification. The PCR machine used for this technique is called Thermo cycler.)
Ø  विधि (Method):-
DNA प्रोब (DNA probe):- यह ssDNA का एक खण्ड होता है जिसका 5’ सिरा रेडियो सक्रिय चिन्हित होता है। इस DNA खण्ड का क्षार क्रम विदेशी जीन के क्षार क्रम के संपूरक होता है।
(It is a segment of ssDNA whose 5 'end is radio labelled. The base sequence of this DNA segment is complementary to the base sequence of foreign gene.)
वैस्टर्न ब्लोटिंग तकनीक के द्वारा इस DNA प्रोब का पता लगा लिया जाता है।
(This DNA probe is detected by Western blotting technique.)
2. Lateral Flow Strip Method:-
Ø  Lateral Flow Strip:- इस strip पर विशिष्ट जगहों पर Antibodies जुड़ी होती हैं। जो वांछित प्रोटीन के संपूरक होती हैं।
(Antibodies are attached at specific places on this strip. Which are complementary to the desired protein.)
Ø  विधि (Method):-
यदि sample में वांछित प्रोटीन उपस्थित होती है तो वह Au – चिन्हित Antibodies से bind होकर एक ‘Ab – प्रोटीन’ जटिल बनाती है जो ऊपर की ओर गति करने लगता है।
(If the desired protein is present in the sample, it binds to Au-labelled antibodies to form an 'Ab - protein' complex that moves upward.)
अब यह ‘Ab – प्रोटीन’ जटिल Strip के ऊपर एक विशिष्ट जगह पर उपस्थित Antibodies से bind होकर ‘Ab – प्रोटीन – Ab’ जटिल बनाता है और उस विशिष्ट जगह पर एक गुलाबी रंग की रेखा बन जाती है। यह गुलाबी रेखा यह दर्शाती है कि फसल का आनुवांशिक रूपान्तरण हुआ है।
(Now this 'Ab - protein' complex binds to the antibodies at a specific place above the strip to form the 'Ab - protein - Ab' complex and a pink line is developed at that specific place. This pink line indicates that the crop has undergone a genetic transformation.)
3. ELISA Test:-
Ø  ELISA Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay
Ø  एक प्लेट पर Antibodies की परत चढ़ाते हैं।
(Make a layer of Antibodies on a plate.)
Ø  अब इस प्लेट को Antigen युक्त sample में डुबोते हैं।
(Now, dip this plate in a sample containing Antigen.)
Ø  अब इस प्लेट को Enzyme से linked Antibodies के विलयन में डुबोते हैं।
(Now, dip this plate in a solution of Enzyme-linked Antibodies.)
Ø  अब इस प्लेट को Substrate के विलयन में डुबोते हैं। यह Substrate एंजाइम की उपस्थिती में रंगीन उत्पाद देता है।
(Now, dip this plate in the Substrate solution. This substrate gives coloured products in the presence of the enzyme.)
लागत की तुलना (Cost Comparison):-
आनुवंशिक अरूपांतरित फसलों में पराजीन संदूषण (Transgene Contamination in Non-GM Crops):-
·         यदि GM – फसल  Non-GM फसल को खेत में साथ साथ उगाया जाये तो GM फसल का अवांछित परागकण Non-GM फसल को परागित कर सकता है। इससे Non-GM फसल की किस्म की आनुवांशिक शुद्धता की हानि हो जाती है। जिससे वह किस्म नष्ट हो जाती है।
(If GM-crop and Non-GM crop are grown together in the field, then undesired pollen of GM crop can pollinate the Non-GM crop. This leads to loss of genetic purity of the non-GM crop variety. Due to which that variety is destroyed.)
·         इसके अतिरिक्त GM – फसलें मृदा में कुछ ऐसे रसायन छोड़ती हैं जो Non-GM फसलों पर विपरीत प्रभाव डालते हैं।
(Additionally, GM-crops release some chemicals into the soil that adversely affect non-GM crops.)

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